A visa is an official authorisation that allows you to enter, stay in, or transit through a foreign country for a specific purpose and duration. While some countries allow visa-free travel for certain nationalities, most international trips require some form of visa or travel authorisation. This guide walks you through the entire visa application process, from understanding which type you need to collecting your approved visa.
Visas are broadly categorised based on the purpose of your travel. Understanding which visa type you need is the essential first step, as applying for the wrong category is one of the most common reasons for rejection.
The most common visa type, issued for leisure travel, sightseeing, visiting friends and family, or short-term personal activities. Tourist visas typically allow stays of 30 to 90 days and do not permit employment. Some countries offer multiple-entry tourist visas valid for one year or more, allowing repeated visits within the validity period.
For individuals travelling for business meetings, conferences, negotiations, trade fairs, or training. A business visa does not usually permit gainful employment in the host country. It covers temporary business-related activities only. You will typically need a letter of invitation from the foreign business and a letter from your employer.
Required for enrolling in an educational programme in a foreign country, from language courses to degree programmes. Student visas typically require proof of acceptance from a recognised institution, evidence of financial support, and proof of accommodation. Many student visas allow limited part-time work during term time.
For individuals taking up employment in a foreign country. Work visas almost always require a job offer from an employer in the destination country, and often the employer must demonstrate that the position cannot be filled by a local candidate. Processing times are typically longer than for other visa types, and additional documentation such as professional qualifications and police certificates may be required.
Required when passing through a country on the way to your final destination. Not all countries require transit visas for short layovers, but some do, particularly if you need to change terminals, collect luggage, or leave the airport. Check the transit visa requirements for every country in your itinerary, not just your final destination.
For individuals joining a family member who is a citizen or legal resident of the destination country. Requirements typically include proof of the family relationship (marriage certificate, birth certificate), evidence that the sponsoring family member can financially support the applicant, and proof of genuine relationship for spouse visas.
The method of obtaining a visa varies by country and your nationality. Understanding the three main systems helps you plan your application timeline:
Some countries allow certain nationalities to obtain a visa at the port of entry (airport, land border, or seaport). You complete a form, pay a fee, and receive your visa stamp on the spot. Examples include Turkey (for some nationalities), Jordan, and several Southeast Asian countries. While convenient, VOA can mean longer queues at immigration. Always carry the exact fee amount (some accept cards, many prefer cash in USD or local currency), a passport photo, and proof of onward travel.
An increasingly popular option that allows you to apply and pay for your visa entirely online. After approval, you receive an electronic authorisation that you print or store on your phone. Examples include India's e-Visa, Turkey's e-Visa, Australia's ETA, and the US ESTA (technically a travel authorisation, not a visa). Processing can take from hours to several days. Apply at least 72 hours before travel.
The traditional method, requiring you to apply in person or by post at the embassy or consulate of the country you wish to visit. This usually involves completing an application form, submitting supporting documents, paying a fee, and potentially attending an interview. It offers the widest range of visa categories and longest validity periods, but has the longest processing time.
While requirements vary by country and visa type, the following documents are commonly requested:
Check whether you need a visa for your destination based on your nationality. Government websites and the IATA Travel Centre are reliable sources. Some countries have visa-free agreements, while others require visas for all visitors.
Select the visa type that matches your travel purpose. Applying under the wrong category is a common reason for rejection. If in doubt, contact the embassy or a qualified immigration adviser.
Collect all required documents well in advance. Some documents (like police certificates or medical reports) can take weeks to obtain. Ensure all documents are current, valid, and in the required format.
Fill in the application form carefully and accurately. Inconsistencies between your form and supporting documents can lead to delays or refusal. Double-check all dates, names, and reference numbers.
Pay the application fee through the accepted method (online, bank transfer, or at the application centre). Fees are usually non-refundable regardless of the outcome. Some countries charge different fees based on nationality, visa type, and processing speed.
Submit your application at the embassy, consulate, or visa application centre. Some applications can be submitted by post, but most require an in-person visit for biometric data collection (fingerprints and photograph).
Some countries, notably the United States, require a visa interview at the embassy. Arrive early, dress professionally, and answer questions honestly and concisely. Bring all original documents and supporting evidence.
Processing times vary from a few days to several weeks. Do not make non-refundable travel bookings until your visa is approved. You can often track your application status online.
Once approved, collect your passport with the visa stamp or sticker from the collection point. Check all details (name, dates, number of entries, visa category) immediately and report any errors before travelling.
If your visa application requires an interview, preparation is key. Embassy interviews are typically brief (5-15 minutes) but can determine the outcome of your application.
Processing times vary significantly. As a general guide:
These are approximate timeframes and can be longer during peak travel seasons or due to administrative backlogs. Always apply as early as the embassy allows.